Gun distance from the part or substrate
October 5th, 2009 at 11:29pm Under metal finishing
Any opinions on holding distance of the gun tip from the part or substrate? Thanks!
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THERMOCHEMICAL PLASMA AND SURFACE OPERATIONS
October 4th, 2009 at 07:55am Under Uncategorized
THERMOCHEMICAL PLASMA AND SURFACE OPERATIONS
Transactions various industrial plasma surface
applications are used. With plasma surface treatment
region near the surface of the material surface and structural
properties changing Abrasion, corrosion resistance and
mukavemetiarttnl?r fatigue. In this study, the plasma state
and plasma are given by difüzyonal i?iemlerhakkmda information.
Key words: Plasma, Ion nitriding, surface
operations
Plasma surface treatments are used for various industrial
applications. Plasma surface treatments
abrasion, corrosion resistance and fatigue develop
Changing the properties of surface and near surface strength ~
region of the material. In this study, the plasma state
and plasma diffusion processes are introduced.
Key words: Plasma, ion nltriding, surface treatments
Ataturk University, Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical
Engineering
INTRODUCTION
üzey hardness, abrasion resistance and fatigue resistance to increase my
purposes used surface treatments, microstructure, chemical
diffusion and ion implantation in three groups to
can be examined. The first two actions, mostly iron based materials
apply. The first category, Microstructure of surface material
When you change, any change in the interior of the material
olmamaktad?r. In the second category, and Microstructure of the surface and
Composition varies. The third group, the main material alloyed with
ionic form of the upper surface of the material parts with implantation
(0.1 | XM over) degistiren implantation process includes. Microstructural
operations, cheap and special materials such as chemical diffusion process
required. But the chemical process with diffusion depth serde?tirme
better control the high stiffness and less material to be multiplied
obtain [1]. Figure l surface hardness of Iron Based Materials
commonly used surface treatments to increase s?n?fland?r?lm??t?t.
In general, the thermochemical process solid, liquid or gas environment
perform. Developments in recent years, this process for most
electrical discharge (glow discharge) environment has been started to be used.
Nowadays, this method widely in Europe, America and
Is widely accepted by manufacturers in Japan. Known surface
according to serde?tirme method, plasma surface treatments serde?tirme
has important advantages [2]. These are: reliability, environmental hygiene,
economy, short processing time, easy masking excellent Abrasion
resistance, minimal distortion, check your structure.
Electrical discharge (GLOW discharge)
Article of the solid, liquid, gas and plasma state has to be 4. This
Main difference between Hal they have is energy. That matter
Changing positions, will be given is related to energy. Example kau
in case of a substance, energy-giving liquid, liquid becomes energized gas,
The items in a certain situation and GAS also supply energy into the plasma
It is possible to spend. Given that this process will be drawn to this
take back again by energy from the gas into plasma, liquid and solid become
It is possible to spend.
Plasma, in the ion, electron, uyarilmis atoms, photons and neutral
is a mixture containing atoms or molecules. In practice, plasma, heat energy
given, or Electrical discharge is obtained by irradiation. Plasma obtained
to the most important and most common method to navigate
electrical discharge is. Mechanism of electrical discharge, an electrical
voltage source in the two conductive plates gas
occurred between certain conditions, if you connect to,
gas between the applied voltage plates Puncture
voltage is on, between the two plates
electrical discharge, and this happens between two conductive plates
As an electric current flow occurs. Current flowing
according to the size of the resulting electrical discharge
systems can be classified [3]. Figure 2, gas discharge
regions and regions and types of electric arc discharge
Voltage-current characteristic is shown [4].
Figure 1 Classification of Thermal and Chemical Surface Treatment
Ahm (A)
Figure 2 Voltage-Current Characteristics of Different Types Elektrlki discharge [4].
THERMOCHEMICAL SURFACE WITH PLASMA
TRANSACTIONS
Use of the plasma environment of surface treatment
are becoming more common. The foundation of this method
Bernhard Berghaus almost 70 years ago [5,6] by
taken, and today an indispensable element for the industry
was. Plasma assisted goal in the diffusion process,
such as carbon or nitrogen atoms between the tracks where the surface
to send. Atoms contained within this material
alloys as wear and corrosion combined elemenderiyle
Creates a durable structure. These methods basically
is applied to the alloy steel. Table de l’applied
Plasma assisted thermochemical process for transactions
Table 7 Overview of Plasma Assisted Surface Treatment
article
be classified as thermochemical process. Because
transactions occur is entirely ostenrak ?ardarda.
This process at temperatures between 850-1050 ° C
maintained. After this process the material thermal
almost no multiplication, because the vacuum cooling
environment is. Homogeneous parts geometry
layer is not important to get him to geometry
thickness can be obtained with homogeneous materials. Even
Selecting the best process parameters and 0.5 mm in diameter
Even a hole can be carbide [12]. Carburation plasma,
processing time is short, less distortion and structure
can be checked in the industry due to their advantages such as
Very wide field of application has found.
Applied Process
Plasma carburation
Plasma nitriding
Plasma
nitrokarbürleme
Plasma borlama
Basic Logic
Carbon and çözünümü
subsequent quenching
Arayer N’ua çözünümü
Arayer C and N
çözünümü
Arayer Bor çözünümü
Operating Temperature
(° Q
800-1000
350-590
450-580
700-1000
Process
Pressure
(mbar)
1-20
1-10
1-10
1-10
Results Obtained
Surface
Serüi?i (HV)
700-800
500-1200 •
800-1100
1800-2000
Diffusion
Layer
Thickness (um)
50-2000 •
50-1500
5-10
5-400
According to the temperature and pressure, the resulting surface hardness and
diffusion layer thickness are given.
Plasma carburation
Carburation process, low-carbon steels, 850 –
925 ° C between the HOT to the surface to absorb carbon
is based on. Carburation process in plasma,
first study in 1934 Egan [7] were made by
received a patent. Vani in 1960 [8] with plasma
carburation system established. However, this system
According to the advantages of the process is not known carburation
was. Last y?llarda established plasma carburation
systems according to known techniques, this method an
many advantages have been revealed [9,10,11]. Today
Established industrial purposes with many plasma
carburation system is available.
Carburation plasma process, with plasma nitriding
process is almost the same. Only gas used
and voltage values are different. In this process, direct current
used. And 1 -20 torr gas pressure, anode and cathode
Usually by applying a voltage between 1000 vokluk
Plasma is created. Carburation gas usually
is a hydrocarbon. Carburation process austenitic
Plasma nitriding
Ferrite phase nitriding of iron based materials
consisting of nitrogen with yay?nma is a thermochemical process.
Hardening process is performed between 500-590 ° C temperature.
First in 1920 and from that date to be used baslanmis
Has found a wide range of usage in the industry. Basic
the salt bath, gas and dust in three nitriding
nitriding method is. Surface hardness and serde?me
depth of processing time, temperature, gas mixture and iron
Based materials depends on the alloy content [2].
Last y?llarda with plasma nitriding method, known
method has many advantages compared to nitriding
Because of the industry has drawn the attention. Plasma
nitrürasyon method of electrical discharge (glow discharge)
conditions occur. Swiss in 1930 first as
bernard was patented by engineer Berghaus
[5,6]. In this method, material to the surface were ionized
Nitrogen is used to disseminate state of active and reactive plasma.
Electrical conductive materials processing theoretical
surface N atom arayer is the process of yay?nma [2].
Plasma nitrürasyon process N2, H2, Ar and NH3 gas
environment, between 350-590 ° C can be performed.
Engineers and Mechanical • Cut: 43 Issue: 510 19
article
Surface of the material will become hard-Cr, Al, V, Mo and Ti
contain elements such as surface hardness than alloy
will increase. After plasma processing nitrürasyon tr
and its area in the white layer on the outside layer of Diffusion
called structures (Figure 3).
Figure 3 Ma ‘> Amit SEM •
GORUNUSU. j
Nowadays used for military purposes as plasma
the nitriding process, especially in the engine piston, crankshaft
The valve shaft in the shaft in the Cam, in gear, drill, punch
in cutting tools, such as deep drawn material can,
rotation and tilt the whole machine to be exposed in Part
used. This process of economic and easy
implementation uses the art?rm??r?r industry.
Plasma Nitrokarbürleme
Basically nitrokarbürleme, solid, liquid and gas or
Electrical discharge conditions is performed.
Today, this process both liquid and gas atmosphere
As is done frequently. Where the desired objective conditions
Phase One is the creation of appropriate e-N?TRÜR layer
(Figure 4). However, this process required yapilirken Sardar
Many challenges are emerging in the formation. This
a large majority, scattered from the surface during operation
The effect of carbon is related. Because scattered carbon,
Selected to participate in the nitriding gas mixture. Much
participate in the gas mixture in the amount of carbon in the case
white layer, (E) ’s in (Fe3C) cemented
create. This case, the function of this layer is full
As can prevent vision [12],
450-580 ° C temperature of the plasma process nitrokarbürleme
between nitrogen and iron based materials to the surface of
containing carbon yay?nma thermochemical process.
Y-iron at the surface with N?TRÜR E-N?TRÜR layer, it
occurs in areas Diffusion layer. Plasma nitriding
. Figure 4 In Nitrokarbürlenmi? Materials (pure iron) Niirokarbürlü
The optical microscope GORUNUSU Layer. T = 560 “C, t = 1 h [14]
process gases used in this process contrary azothidrojen –
Methane or nitrogen-hydrogen-karbondioksit’tir
[15.16]. Nitrokarbürleme process first with the plasma,
process gas as CH, was used. But very small
amount of CH4 in the use of bile semennt fragile and E
and later was seen to occur nitrürün
Research in this issue to the environment given C 0 2 gas
has been corrected. The purpose of this process, low-carbon and low
the alloy steel layer on the surface of e-N?TRÜR
Corrosion and Corrosion resistance is to increase by creating
[17]. These transactions are usually simple and low-carbon steel
Such as alloy steel is cheaper in the market
Improves the surface of materials is used. Process
as variables associated with fatigue and leakage
Strength and corrosion resistance is increased in certain cases.
Aras in wear and corrosion resistance, that occurs at the surface
Single Phase white layer (E-N?TRÜR) allows occurs.
Plasma ?ardar?nda realized nitrokarbürleme,
process is environmentally friendly, convenient process variables
Single Phase phase with E N?TRÜR easy to obtain and Factors
gas and energy consumption due to less preferred
is.
Plasma Borlama
Since the beginning of last century, started to work
borlama very hard, has a low coefficient of friction,
high temperatures in excess of Strength and Corrosion
possible to obtain surface-resistant materials
is. A thermochemical surface serde?tirme method
In the snoring, boron atoms to the metal surface
boron layer as hard yay?narak thermochemical
form. During FEB Borlama and Fe2B
occurs in the surface layer (Fig. 5), and these layers
hardness 1800-2000 HV ç?karulabilir value. Obtained
20 Ciit: 43 Issue: 510
article
Figure 5 Boron in the material (AISI 4140) with boron of the Optical Layer
Microscope GORUNUSU, T = 950 “C, I = 1 h [19]
This hard layer increases abrasion resistance.
This method at temperatures of approximately 700-1100 ° C, different
environment (solid, liquid, gas or plasma) and non-alloy
of alloy steel, cast iron with iron and other metals
their alloys (Ni, Co, Mo, Ti), these alloys powder
produced by the method of powder metallurgy, some super -
many materials such as alloys with the group Sermet
applied. Process only packets between Borlama
B4C-SiC powder using KBF4-borlama commercial
as widely used [1.18].
With regard to plasma borlama process approximately 20
Exceeds the time of year to work, although not yet fully
understood. Ar, H2 gas and bit boron source
In BC13, B, H6, BF3veya B ^ ^ CH (trimetilborat)
using the 800-1000 ° C temperature, such as about 10′2 Pa
Built on a low-pressure plasma in
is the snoring. Microstructure and demirbor layers
The growth process temperature, gas mixture ratios, material
composition, process and exchange rate pressure
applied current density can be controlled with
[18.19]. This method in Germany in the automotive sector
Because of superior properties of processed used
has attracted the attention of industry and increasing research interest
concentrated [20].
RESULTS
Started to be implemented today with plasma
thermochemical surface treatments were examined, the following
Advantages that can be seen;
• Plasma surface treatments made with entirely with the environment
friendly is
• “First, although the high investment costs, transaction
cost is very low,
• Processing time is short,
• Surface applied to process the material wear and
corrosion resistance is very high,
• Work on track to be hit are low,
• After the procedure it is possible to control that occurs içyap?n?n,
• Surface hardening process unwanted places
Masking is easy,
• Normal surface hardening process than
process can be performed at lower temperatures,
References
1. Bhushan, B., Gupta, K. B., Handbook of Tribology,
McGraw-Hill, US.A, (1991).
2. Strafford, KN, Smart, R., C, Sare, I, Subramarn, C, Surface
Engineering, Technomic Publishing Company, USA, (1995).
3. Karadeniz, S., Plasma Technology, TMMOB, MMO, Publications
no: 137, Ankara, (1990).
4. Edenhofer, B., Physical and metallurgical aspects
Ionitriding. Heat Treat Metals, V2, (1974), p59 ki.
5. Berghaus, B., German Patent DRP 668, 669 (W32).
6. Berghaus, B., German Patent DRP 851, 540 (1939). •
7. Egan, JJ, United States Patent 1, 407 in April 1934.
8. Vani, VS, Russian Metallurgy and Fuels, V3, (1960), P50.
9. Edenhofer, B., Harterei Technische Mitteilungen, v29, 3,
(1973), pl65.
10. Collignon, P., Michel, H., and Gantois, M., Traitement
Thermique, V2, (1978), P43.
11. Grube, WX., Vac Sei Technol, V16, 2, (1979), p335.
12. Staines, A. M., Thermochemica! A Glow Discharge and Treatment of
Surface Environmental Eng., (1985), p739.
13. Alsaran, A., Steel, A., Structural Characterization and Ionnitrided
AISI 5140 low alloy steel, Materials Characterization,
V47, 3-4, (2001), p207.
14. MALINOVA, T., Malinov, S., Pantev, N., Simulation and
Microhardness Profiles by layer Nitrocarburized
Artificial nueral Network, Surf. Caot. Tech., V135, (2001), p258.
15. Hadfleld, J., M.Sc. Thesis, University of Birmingham, (1986).
16. Rie, K.T and Lampe, T., Proc. Conf. Heat Treatment ‘84
May, (1984).
17. Edenhofer, B., Physical and metallurgical aspects
Ionitriding. Heat Treat Metals, V2, (1974), p23 ki.
18. Rie, K T., Son Geli?meler Plazma Difüzyon Süreci, Surf.
Jackets Tech., VI12, (1999), p56.
19. Kuper, A., Qiao, X., Stock, HR, Mayr, P., A Novel Approach
gas Boronizing, Surface Coatings and Technology, for
V130, (2000), P87.
20. Cabeo, E.R., Laudien, G., Biemer, S., Rie, K.-T.,
Hoppe, S., Plasma-assisted Industrial Components Bonds
D. A Pulse C. Glow Discharge, Surface and
Coating Technology, VI16-119, (1999), p229.
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Plating Titanium with Black Krome
October 2nd, 2009 at 11:11pm Under metal finishing
First, let me say that I am considering purchasing the brush plating kit in order to create a ring for my husband. I found the perfect ring but it is the wrong finish. With that said…
I would like to plate a titanium ring with Black Krome, is this possible? If not, do you have any other recommendations to achieve a black finish on titanium?
Thank-you,
Melissa
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Building a Chiller of Sorts, Tubing Type?
October 2nd, 2009 at 11:09pm Under metal finishing
So I can’t afford a good aquarium chiller and it seems the cheap ones on ebay are not worth it so I’m going to do what I always seem to do and build a simple cooling coil.
Now normally I don’t have material restrictions but with the ano bath obviously I need plastic tubing. I could use titanium but don’t have the cash.
All I’m going to do is get a coil of tubing and drop it in the ano bath and run cold water into it from another bucket of ice and water with a pump.
The question I have for all of you is that it seems most tubing at the hardware store is fairly thick walled and acts as an insulator. Does anyone have any suggestions to an inexpensive easy to find tubing I can use for this project. It has to be able to transfer heat through it’s walls.
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Electroless Nickel Questions
October 2nd, 2009 at 11:09pm Under metal finishing
Going to mix Five Pints of the Caswell EN and I have a few questions.
The brass part to be plated is right at 40 Sq In. The Plating Manual says to "Only add enough replenisher to bring the credits up to 100%" and suggests replenishment every ten minutes (another sentence says five minutes).. Okay, got that..
Plating a 40 Sq In part for 60 minutes will "consume" 2400 Credits. If I plate for ten minutes, I will consume 400 Credits, Replenish with .25 oz Part A and .5 oz Part C adds back 450 Credits putting me 50 credits "over" the 100% at every replenish.
Question #1. Can I plate for 11min 15 seconds instead? This figures out to consume 450 credits. I’ll need to do five of these sessions with the last session being 3 minutes 55 seconds (this will start the next plating session at 1640 credits, 380 credits above the minimum of 1260) Am I being overly critical (anal) with respect to total credits and times?
Question #2. Should the part be removed during the replenishment process? Or is is okay to leave the part "cookin’"?
Question #3. After I mix my primary bath, can I go ahead and mix the total remaining four ounces of Part A with all eight ounces of Part C to make the Replenisher? Or just premix the two parts in an amount that will be used during one plating session?
Lastly, Question #4. What is the approximate "shelf life" of the primary EN Plating solution?
Any and all help appreciated.
Thanks.
The brass part to be plated is right at 40 Sq In. The Plating Manual says to "Only add enough replenisher to bring the credits up to 100%" and suggests replenishment every ten minutes (another sentence says five minutes).. Okay, got that..
Plating a 40 Sq In part for 60 minutes will "consume" 2400 Credits. If I plate for ten minutes, I will consume 400 Credits, Replenish with .25 oz Part A and .5 oz Part C adds back 450 Credits putting me 50 credits "over" the 100% at every replenish.
Question #1. Can I plate for 11min 15 seconds instead? This figures out to consume 450 credits. I’ll need to do five of these sessions with the last session being 3 minutes 55 seconds (this will start the next plating session at 1640 credits, 380 credits above the minimum of 1260) Am I being overly critical (anal) with respect to total credits and times?
Question #2. Should the part be removed during the replenishment process? Or is is okay to leave the part "cookin’"?
Question #3. After I mix my primary bath, can I go ahead and mix the total remaining four ounces of Part A with all eight ounces of Part C to make the Replenisher? Or just premix the two parts in an amount that will be used during one plating session?
Lastly, Question #4. What is the approximate "shelf life" of the primary EN Plating solution?
Any and all help appreciated.
Thanks.
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best mix for olive?
October 2nd, 2009 at 11:09pm Under metal finishing
hey my friend got his ripper one back today and he wants brown and olive. i have brown, but i’ve heard that olive is hard to get right. does anyone have any input? is caswells olive dye good? if anyone can help me out that would be very appreciated. thanx!
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Masking for brush plating
October 2nd, 2009 at 11:09pm Under metal finishing
I see Caswell has a product called Mask It. In a brush gold plating situation. Can this product be applied to a chrome piece, resist chrome stripping, resist nickel activation and still give a sharp edge to the gold plate up to the chrome?
I’ve used the nail polish and acetone to remove routine but this is not acceptable due to other paint being in close proximity to the plated item.
I’m looking for something I can apply with a brush or toothpick and peel off.
Has anyone tried this product or have any ideas?
Thanks,
Eric
I’ve used the nail polish and acetone to remove routine but this is not acceptable due to other paint being in close proximity to the plated item.
I’m looking for something I can apply with a brush or toothpick and peel off.
Has anyone tried this product or have any ideas?
Thanks,
Eric
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Black Oxide Kit on Carbon Steel
October 2nd, 2009 at 11:08pm Under metal finishing
Hi,
I am using Caswell Black Oxide on a piece of Carbon Steel that I am using to make a piece of jewelry from. The solution works perfectly and turns the Steel jet black.
The problem is that the piece after it has blackened gives off a putrid smell. There is nothing that I can do to get rid of the smell. I have tried to use Carbon Steel from two different vendors but both give off the same smell.
Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated.
Thanks,
Vikas
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ran into a problem??????
October 2nd, 2009 at 11:08pm Under metal finishing
I machined an item from 6061 aluminum. basically it is a ring (doughnut) with 6 bolt holes in the face, then counter sunk so the bolt head lays flush with the face.
I shot gloss black on them last night and had poor results. Around the machined edge of the countersink, the powder appeared to flow away…so…in essence, there is a hairline silver ring around each counter sink.
here is how I prepped:
1) scorch brited part
2) used brake cleaner
3) heated part to dry off any residue
4) powdered…cured
question: should I media blast the entire part to ensure the crisp edge of the counter sink gets etched?
Thanks
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Heatsink question
October 1st, 2009 at 11:08am Under metal finishing
Anyone know where to buy a good heatsink for a 60a SSR?
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